@font-face{font-family:Anton;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:400;src:url(/_astro/anton-vietnamese-400-normal.CkBxLiRJ.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/anton-vietnamese-400-normal.2FfR1wHA.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:Anton;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:400;src:url(/_astro/anton-latin-ext-400-normal.SyiqE2Jt.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/anton-latin-ext-400-normal.BMODBQc6.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Anton;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:400;src:url(/_astro/anton-latin-400-normal.Byf51wtH.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/anton-latin-400-normal.AUNGEG_V.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Newsreader Variable;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:200 800;src:url(/_astro/newsreader-vietnamese-wght-normal.Czsa-EzN.woff2) format("woff2-variations");unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:Newsreader Variable;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:200 800;src:url(/_astro/newsreader-latin-ext-wght-normal.C-3rgBeH.woff2) format("woff2-variations");unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Newsreader Variable;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:200 800;src:url(/_astro/newsreader-latin-wght-normal.CCVVNp6i.woff2) format("woff2-variations");unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Space Mono;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:400;src:url(/_astro/space-mono-vietnamese-400-normal.BNOj0Qhp.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/space-mono-vietnamese-400-normal.B0PMp_xB.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:Space Mono;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:400;src:url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-ext-400-normal.DTLbW2xa.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-ext-400-normal.D4cJI_B-.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Space Mono;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:400;src:url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-400-normal.Rg4St2Dn.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-400-normal._3DlpgIW.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:Space Mono;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:700;src:url(/_astro/space-mono-vietnamese-700-normal.DWQgDHuA.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/space-mono-vietnamese-700-normal.D-KrLuLr.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:Space Mono;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:700;src:url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-ext-700-normal.B2s3bDs2.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-ext-700-normal.B_E7P90g.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:Space Mono;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;font-weight:700;src:url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-700-normal.mWgeinG7.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/_astro/space-mono-latin-700-normal.D7A851RN.woff) format("woff");unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}:root{--paper: #E0D7C4;--ink: #272324;--paper-dark: #B4ADA0;--muted: #6F6A5C;--rust: #A24826;--on-rust: #F4EFE2;--font-display: "Anton", sans-serif;--font-body: "Newsreader Variable", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;--font-mono: "Space Mono", monospace;--rule: 1px solid var(--ink);--rule-hair: 1px solid var(--paper-dark);--rule-heavy: 3px solid var(--ink);--measure: 44rem;--gutter: clamp(1.25rem, 4vw, 3.5rem);--maxw: 78rem;--ts-paper: #E0D7C4;--ts-paper-raised: #EAE2D2;--ts-paper-sunk: #D3C8B1;--ts-paper-edge: #C4B89E;--ts-ink-black: #181513;--ts-ink: #272324;--ts-ink-muted: #6E675B;--ts-ink-faint: #938C7E;--ts-stone: #B4ADA0;--ts-rust: #A24826;--ts-rust-deep: #7E3A1E;--ts-rust-ink: #C65A2E;--ts-line: rgba(39, 35, 36, .55);--ts-line-soft: rgba(39, 35, 36, .3);--ts-line-faint: rgba(39, 35, 36, .14);--ts-line-paper: rgba(234, 226, 210, .3);--ts-font-display: var(--font-display);--ts-font-serif: var(--font-body);--ts-font-mono: var(--font-mono);--ts-shadow-sheet: 0 20px 50px -22px rgba(24, 21, 19, .55), 0 2px 8px rgba(24, 21, 19, .14);--ts-grain: radial-gradient(rgba(39, 35, 36, .05) .5px, transparent .6px);--ts-grain-size: 5px 5px}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0;background:var(--ts-paper-sunk);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:clamp(1.02rem,.96rem + .32vw,1.16rem);line-height:1.6;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility}body:before{content:"";position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:9999;pointer-events:none;opacity:.045;mix-blend-mode:multiply;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20width='140'%20height='140'%3E%3Cfilter%20id='n'%3E%3CfeTurbulence%20type='fractalNoise'%20baseFrequency='0.8'%20numOctaves='2'/%3E%3C/filter%3E%3Crect%20width='100%25'%20height='100%25'%20filter='url(%23n)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}h1,h2,h3{font-family:var(--font-display);font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:.98;letter-spacing:.005em;margin:0 0 .45em}h1{font-size:clamp(2.5rem,1.7rem + 4vw,4.6rem)}h2{font-size:clamp(1.8rem,1.35rem + 2.2vw,2.8rem);margin-top:1.4em}h3{font-size:clamp(1.3rem,1.1rem + 1vw,1.85rem);margin-top:1.2em}h4,h5,h6{font-family:var(--font-body);font-weight:700;line-height:1.3;margin:1.3em 0 .4em}p{margin:0 0 1.05em}a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:.18em}a:hover{color:var(--rust)}strong{font-weight:700}hr{border:none;border-top:var(--rule);margin:2.2rem 0}blockquote{margin:1.6rem 0;padding:.2rem 0 .2rem 1.2rem;border-left:var(--rule-heavy);font-style:italic;color:var(--ink)}img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}img.duotone{filter:brightness(1.22) contrast(1.02) url(#ts-duo)}img.duotone-rust{filter:brightness(1.32) contrast(1.04) url(#ts-duo-rust)}img.print{filter:brightness(1.34) contrast(.98) url(#ts-duo);mix-blend-mode:multiply}img.print-rust{filter:brightness(1.32) contrast(1) url(#ts-duo-rust);mix-blend-mode:multiply}.prose img{filter:url(#ts-duo)}figure{margin:2rem 0}figcaption{margin-top:.55rem;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:.78rem;line-height:1.45;color:var(--muted);border-top:var(--rule-hair);padding-top:.45rem}code{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:.88em;background:var(--paper-dark);padding:.08em .34em}.kicker,.eyebrow,.dateline{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.2em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--muted);margin:0}.eyebrow{color:var(--rust)}.container{width:100%;max-width:var(--maxw);margin-inline:auto;padding-inline:var(--gutter)}.prose{max-width:var(--measure);margin-inline:auto}.prose>*{max-width:100%}.article-body .dropcap{float:left;width:4.5em;height:4.5em;margin:.02em .5em 0 0;background:var(--ink)}.article-body .dropcap>span{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:100%;height:100%;color:var(--paper);font-family:var(--ts-font-serif);font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-size:3.2em;line-height:1;transform:translateY(.1em)}.article-body .dropcap.dropcap--short{float:none;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0 .5em 0 0}.article-body .dropcap-lead{font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;font-feature-settings:"smcp","c2sc";letter-spacing:.04em}.prose strong,.prose b{font-weight:600;font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;font-feature-settings:"smcp","c2sc";letter-spacing:.03em}.prose a{font-variant-caps:all-small-caps;font-feature-settings:"smcp","c2sc";letter-spacing:.03em;text-decoration:underline}.ml-embedded img{filter:none!important}.ml-embedded a,.ml-embedded strong,.ml-embedded b{font-variant-caps:normal;letter-spacing:normal}.article-body>.ml-embedded{margin-block:clamp(1.8rem,3vw,2.8rem)}.course-login{margin:-.4rem 0 1.6rem;text-align:right;font-size:.85rem}.ts-figure{margin-block:2.4rem}.ts-figure img{filter:none;width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.ts-figure figcaption{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.02em;line-height:1.6;color:var(--ink-muted);margin-top:.7rem}.ts-figure figcaption a{color:var(--rust);text-decoration:none}.ts-figure figcaption a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.boxlink{display:inline-block;font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:.8rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink);background:var(--paper);border:2px solid var(--ink);padding:.7em 1.1em;transition:background .12s,color .12s}.boxlink:hover{background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper)}.boxlink--rust{background:var(--rust);color:var(--on-rust);border-color:var(--rust)}.boxlink--rust:hover{background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);border-color:var(--ink)}:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--rust);outline-offset:2px}.ml-embedded{margin-block:1.25rem}.newsletter-inline{margin-block:2.5rem;padding-block:1.5rem;border-top:var(--rule);border-bottom:var(--rule)}.article-end-cta{margin-top:3rem}.article-end-cta hr{margin-bottom:2.2rem}.page[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{position:relative;z-index:0;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;min-height:100vh;background:var(--ts-paper);background-image:var(--ts-grain);background-size:var(--ts-grain-size);box-shadow:var(--ts-shadow-sheet);border-left:1px solid var(--ts-line);border-right:1px solid var(--ts-line);overflow:hidden}.masthead[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{position:relative;text-align:center;padding:clamp(2rem,5vw,46px) 24px clamp(1.3rem,3vw,30px)}.masthead[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]:before{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:0;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%);width:min(108%,1180px);aspect-ratio:1972 / 296;background:url(/brand/brush-header.png) no-repeat center top / contain;mix-blend-mode:multiply;opacity:.08;pointer-events:none;z-index:0}.masthead[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]>[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{position:relative;z-index:1}@media(max-width:760px){.masthead[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]:before{width:min(270%,940px)}}.nameplate[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{display:inline-block;line-height:0}.nameplate[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga] img[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{width:384px;max-width:82%;display:block;margin:0 auto 13px}.masthead-tag[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-family:var(--ts-font-mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.24em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ts-ink-muted);margin:0}.topnav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{background:var(--ts-ink);transition:transform .32s ease,box-shadow .32s ease}.topnav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga].is-fixed{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-inline:auto;z-index:50;box-shadow:0 6px 20px #1f1c1a38}.topnav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga].is-fixed.topnav--hidden{transform:translateY(-100%);box-shadow:none}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.topnav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{transition:none}}.topnav-inner[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:.8rem 1.5rem;flex-wrap:wrap;min-height:58px}.topnav-proof[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:.5rem 13px}.topnav-sep[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-family:var(--ts-font-mono);font-size:12px;color:#e0d7c433;user-select:none}.topnav-link[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-family:var(--ts-font-mono);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ts-paper);opacity:.82;transition:opacity .12s,color .12s}.topnav-link[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]:hover{opacity:1;color:var(--ts-paper)}.topnav-link[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga].current{color:var(--ts-rust-ink);opacity:1}.topnav-cta[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.topnav-btn[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-family:var(--ts-font-mono);font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;padding:11px 18px;line-height:1;white-space:nowrap;transition:background .12s,color .12s}.topnav-btn--rust[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{background:var(--ts-rust);color:var(--ts-paper)}.topnav-btn--rust[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]:hover{background:var(--ts-rust-deep)}.topnav-btn--ink[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{background:var(--ts-paper);color:var(--ts-ink)}.topnav-btn--ink[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]:hover{background:var(--ts-paper-raised)}@media(max-width:600px){.topnav-inner[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{justify-content:center;padding-block:12px}.topnav-link[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:.07em}.topnav-proof[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{gap:.4rem 9px}.topnav-sep[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-size:10px}}main[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{min-height:60vh}.colophon[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{position:relative;border-top:1px solid var(--ts-line);padding-block:26px 36px;margin-top:clamp(3rem,8vw,5.5rem)}.colophon[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]:before{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%);width:min(108%,1180px);aspect-ratio:1972 / 296;background:url(/brand/brush-header.png) no-repeat center top / contain;mix-blend-mode:multiply;opacity:.08;pointer-events:none;z-index:-1}.colophon-inner[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{position:relative;z-index:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:14px}.colophon-logo[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{display:inline-block;line-height:0;margin-bottom:2px}.colophon-logo[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga] img[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{width:188px;max-width:56%;display:block}.colophon-statement[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-family:var(--ts-font-serif);font-style:italic;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--ts-ink-muted);margin:0;max-width:40rem}.colophon-nav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.4rem 1.4rem}.colophon-nav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga] a[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-family:var(--ts-font-mono);font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ts-ink)}.colophon-nav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga] a[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]:hover{color:var(--ts-rust-deep)}.colophon-nav[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga] a[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga].colophon-cta{color:var(--ts-rust)}.colophon-meta[data-astro-cid-5hce7sga]{font-family:var(--ts-font-mono);font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.1em;color:var(--ts-ink-faint);margin:0}